Should Medical Marijuana Be Legalized - 1515 Words

Should Medical Marijuana Be Legalized In The United States? Marijuana is a controversy that has been argued over for years now and it has many people questioning its benefits and defaults. Whether or not marijuana is a drug this is a subject that is very misunderstood by most people who argue over it today. Marijuana has been outlawed in the United States for almost a hundred years now, Hemp first was encouraged to be sold during the 1600’s to 1890’s by the government of the United States in order to produce rope, clothes, and sails. After the Mexican Revolution of 1910, Mexican immigrants flooded into the United States, introducing to American culture the recreational use of marijuana. During the Great Depression, marijuana became a governmental concern which instigated research into the subject and this research linked marijuana to violence, crimes, and other socially deviant behavior. By 1931, 29 states had outlawed marijuana. In 1932, research and concern over the use of marijuana put pressure on the government to take action against the drug. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics strongly encouraged state governments to adopt the Uniform State Narcotic Act. In 1937, Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act which criminalized marijuana, restricting possession of the drug to ind ividuals who paid an excise tax for certain authorized medical and industrial uses, but in 1944 the New York Academy of Medicine issued an extensively researched report declaring that the use of marijuanaShow MoreRelatedShould Medical Marijuana Be Legalized?1915 Words   |  8 PagesAll States Should Have Legalized Medical Marijuana Dispensaries Hot of the press for the State of Hawaii†¦ on July 15, 2015 Governor Ige signed HB 321 which became Act 241 establishing a system for licensing Medical Marijuana dispensaries throughout the state. He is quoted as saying, â€Å"I support the establishment of dispensaries to ensure that qualified patients can legally and safely access medical marijuana† (1). Hawaii legalized the use of medical marijuana in 2000 through Act 228, fifteen yearsRead MoreShould Medical Marijuana Be Legalized?1551 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Medical Marijuana Marijuana is not like other helpful drugs that have amazing medical benefits. It is not made available to thousands of patients that could gain quality of live from it. Many Americans are forced to use second rate drugs to help them deal with conditions such as nausea, glaucoma, chronic pain, and multiple sclerosis. Why does the â€Å"world’s best health care system† use drugs that are not as effective as marijuana, but have more side effects? The United StatesRead MoreShould Medical Marijuana Be Legalized?1129 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana goes by many names such as cannabis, weed, and molly just to name a few. It is often seen as a stress reliever, and an escape from reality type of drug. Some use it for recreational purposes, or medical purposes. Marijuana comes in many forms such as an oil, a pill, or hemp which was used for a lot of economical purposes. I’m going to be focusing on the medical benefits of this drug, in order to give you good reasons as to why it should be legalized. This drug has been found to help patientsRead MoreShould Medical Marijuana Be Legalized?2024 Words   |  9 PagesMarlyn Brillantes Mr. Tariq Jawhar ENG 111 April 24, 2016 Should Medical Marijuana be Legalized? Marijuana is a controversial drug because it can be both beneficial as well as harmful to the user. The marijuana plant can be utilized as an effective medicine to diagnose a number of issues. According to Business Insider, marijuana can treat glaucoma, improve lung health, control seizures of epileptic patients, decrease the symptoms of Dravet’s Syndrome, prevent cancer from spreading, and can contributeRead MoreWhy Medical Marijuana Should Be Legalized1245 Words   |  5 PagesWhy Medical Marijuana should be legalized all over all the United States. In today’s society, debates regarding legalizing Medical Marijuana occur frequently. The discussions arise in almost every state. Both sides bring solid arguments; however, opponents of the approval are facing the fact, which is very hard to ignore. Medical Marijuana has proven to cure people with life-threatening diseases much more effectively than official treatments; to have second-to-none side effects; and to be aRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized For Medical Purposes?1735 Words   |  7 Pagessurveys, about 25 million Americans have smoked marijuana in the past year. More than 14 million do it regularly. (NORML: Working to Reform Marijuana Laws, 2015) Marijuana has been the topic of much discussion these past decades. The main factor of discussion is whether or not to legalize it and the outcome it would have on the states. Some states have already legalized but for medicinal purposes only. Much research has come out in this decade that marijuana just isnâ€⠄¢t for your average drug junkie butRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should be Legalized Essay1973 Words   |  8 Pages Marijuana has been in the news lately since two states, Colorado and Washington, have voted to legalize recreational marijuana. Currently they are the only two states to legalize recreational marijuana. Twenty states and the District of Columbia have legalized medical marijuana. Iowa, at this time, has decided not to legalize medical marijuana in spite of many Iowa citizens advocating for the legalization of the drug. Iowa is taking a cautious approach to medical marijuana. Medical marijuanaRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Legalized for Medical Purposes2770 Words   |  11 Pageswere told that she might benefit from marijuana. After much difficulty they were finally able to get it for her in oil form. After taking the medical marijuana for just one day, the seizures basically stopped. Now she only experiences one to two seizures a month! She was on the brink of dying and now she is living a relatively healthy normal life. Medical marijuana literally saved this little girl’ s life. (Gupta). Marijuana should be legalized for medical purposes because it is saving lives andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized Medical Marijuana?1465 Words   |  6 Pagesand some for the bad. In this paper we be discussing whether to continue the federal prosecution of medical marijuana patients and their providers under the accordance with the federal controlled substance Act. There are so many opinions that people have on this issues. Some people may disagree with congress for passing this law and they may feel that it’s giving people the right to smoke marijuana freely and then you have some people that agree with this law being pass. Because they may feel thatRead MoreShould Medical Marijuana Be Legalized?967 Words   |  4 PagesLegalization of Marijuana There are many topics nowadays that people in America agree on and there are also many topics American’s disagree on. One main topic that the states are trying to figure out whether to legalize or not is medical and recreational marijuana. Many look at cannabis or marijuana as a gateway drug and many look at it as another tobacco product. I personally don’t see marijuana as a bad thing for the states to legalize. People look down on marijuana because of it only being legal

The Creation Of Careers Through Physics - 1270 Words

The Creation of Careers through Physics Physics is often deemed â€Å"useless† and â€Å"stressful† by young students taking the course in high school and college. However, many you students don’t the advantages and opportunity’s that the subject can provide for them in the future. Most young adults think that Physics will most likely not help them in the future and end up being waste of time and a credit, but, most of them don’t know that the careers that physics provides can both high paying and fun . Over the course of this research paper, I hope I can provide sustainable reasoning on why Physics can help us in the near future. This first careers I will be presenting will have to do with Kinematics, the word that most physics students are annoyed of hearing. Most high school students often dream about going into the engineering field. Some don’t know that this field itself uses physics, a lot. A specific career that often uses kinematics i s a Mechanical Engineer. The field requires such precision in building the interior or exterior of the machine the engineer is designing, that the engineer needs to be as precise as possible with his calculations. Mechanical engineers are often interacting with the distribution of power. They create machines that can benefit humans or benefit the environment such as electric generations, engines, turbines, elevators, and escalators. Entering the field will require at least a Bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering and a ProfessionalShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Nicholas Tesla986 Words   |  4 Pages1884 to continue his career in engineering. Tesla’s parents were both Serbian, his father was an Orthodox priest, writer and poet, while his mother was a creative and had the talent to construct things, especially her electronic every day household items. His father wanted him to become a priest but Tesla followed the mind set and footsteps of his mother and went above a nd beyond with his skills and knowledge. Like normal high school students, Tesla studied mathematics and physics at the UniversityRead MoreWhat I Want With My Life781 Words   |  4 Pagesthe advancement of human knowledge. â€Å"Physics and Music? How in the world are those fields related?† When I would speak to people about my interests they would ask, â€Å"Are you doing physics as a substitute for your music career?† or vice versa. I refuse to choose between science and the arts; I want to do both. Thankfully, physics is one of the most all-encompassing and applicable fields in science. In the future I would like to find the overlap between physics and music. By understanding the workingsRead MoreThe Greatest Thinker Of The 20th Century1655 Words   |  7 PagesEinstein Albert Abraham Einstein. It is a name we all know, the name of, perhaps, the greatest thinker of the 20th century. He revolutionized the world with his thinking, not just in physics, but also in philosophy, ethics, and religion. In 2000, he was named Time Magazine’s â€Å"Person of the Century†. That alone can tell you how much Einstein affected the way one sees the world. He changed the world so much, that his formulas and hypotheses are held as the foundation for modern science. Every greatRead MoreAn Interview With A Mechanical Engineer1443 Words   |  6 PagesWhen college students enter a career field, we encounter many problems and concerns, such as rules, traditions, and the writing involve. By doing the Discipline Investigation Assignment, it helps me to explore my future career field and get advice on how to do well in the industry. Also, this assignment is a great way to find out the struggles and problems as we encounter a new profession. The discourse community I have chosen is Mechanical Engineering. I am very passionate in doing machine workRead MoreWhich Modern Thinker, Individual, or Leader Has the Greatest Chance of Having a Long-tern Influence?1627 Words   |  7 Pagesscholarship, not an influence in the realm of the public, as influences upon the public may be the product of manipulation. However, leaders who have created influence on the public through the use of their minds may create a lasting influence. Influences may, however, be of intangible intellectual knowledge, such as theoretical physics, which has provided further understanding of the modern world. However, these advances are less likely to provide a lasting influence, unlike the world of engineering, in whichRead MoreStephen Hawking : A Scientist977 Words   |  4 Pageswould draw him† Isobel Hawing explained (Hawking qtd. in â€Å"Stephen Hawking Biography†). At seventeen Stephen Hawking earned a scholarship to Oxford University College. He hoped to study mathematics’ but because they didn’t offer it, he settled for physics, more specifically cosmology. Later on Stephen Hawking calculated that he did about one hour of work per day and yet three years later Stephen Hawking graduated first in his honors class with a natural science degree. He left Oxford too Trinity HallRead MoreDakotah Alexander 3/17/14 Physics Career As my physics occupation, I have selected Photography1400 Words   |  6 PagesDakotah Alexander 3/17/14 Physics Career As my physics occupation, I have selected Photography which is the talent or preparation of capturing and handling photographs. The art of Photography allows me to experience perfection in circadian light. Or perhaps even imperfect perfection. Being able to capture the most beautiful fascinations is an occurrence few encounter. Many individuals I discern ascertain the belief that they aren’t picturesque. A photographer that has a true love of photography believesRead MoreThe Evolution of the Microscope Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesThe first form of the microscope was a crystal that was found by someone from a long time ago. The crystal was thick in the middle, but thinner around the egdes. The crystal made things look bigger when someone looked through it. The pearson also noticed that if the sun shone through the crystal, certain things could get burnt or set on fire. They were known as magnifiers. Magnifiers were mentioned in the writings of the two Roman philosophers, Se neca and Pliny. Apperantly, maginfiers werent reallyRead MoreEssay on Biography of Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev1141 Words   |  5 PagesRussian chemist and inventor, born on February 8, 1834, in Tobolsk, Russia. The 17th child of Ivanovich Pavlovich and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleev. Known for his brilliant intellectual ability, sharp memory, and a passionate fascination for mathematics, physics, and geography. He died January 20, 1907, in St. Petersburg, Russia. Between those years he lived a successful life full of knowledge, adventure, fellow chemists, and tragedy. In his early childhood, Dmitri Mendeleev entered the Tobolsk gymnasiumRead MoreEducation As A Keystone Of The American Culture1727 Words   |  7 Pagesenough for students to handle themselves well within the workplace is debatable. In order to fully develop students’ minds to prepare them for their lives beyond the university, they should be exposed to a variety of subjects during their university career so they are more capable of successfully confronting situations that appear both within their academic studies and beyond. In other words, universities should require students to take classes that do not pertain directly to their selected majors.

Caesars Leadership Essay Example For Students

Caesars Leadership Essay Selecting a good leader for a country is like setting up a set of dominoes. If the leader does his job correctly the country will be strong, but if he does not become a good leader, the country will topple and go fall. A good leader must be able to make his own decisions because if he cannot make decisions on his own, then he would be considered as a weak leader. The leader of the country has to be able to communicate with the people as well because if he gets the people of the country to listen, then his job would be much easier. Another thing that makes up a good leader is nobility because if he is noble to the countrymen, then there would not be any disputes within the country. Mark Antony, from the play Julius Caesar, has the characteristics of a good leader. Not only is he a confident and noble person, he is also persuasive and that helps in becoming a good leader. Mark Antony would be a good leader of Rome because he is confident, noble, and persuasive. Mark Antony would become a great leader because he is confident. He never changes his mind when he makes a decision and that is good in a leader. When the triumvirate was making a list of people to kill, Antony came across the name of his nephew. Even though it was his nephew that he was killing, Antony said, He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him. Antony had to kill his nephew because his nephew might have opposed him, and he did not want to take the chance. Another part where Antonys confidence in decision making was when he was talking to Octavius about Lepidus. The triumvirate was made up of three people, Antony, Lepidus, and Octavius, and so The threefold world divided, he should stand one of the three to share it? Antony meant that Lepidus would not be capable of ruling a third of the world, and that he would rather take half and Octavius take the other half. Mark Antonys confidence shows him being capable of becoming a great leader. Along with being confident, Mark Antony would make a great leader because of his nobility towards others. Antony was seen to be noble towards Caesar. The two men were close to each other as a mother and her child. When Caesar died, Mark Antony wanted revenge for Caesar. And Caesars spirit, ranging for revenge, With Ate by his side come hot from hell, Shall stir these confines with a monarchs voice Cry Havoc, and let slip the dogs of war, That this foul deed shall smell above the earth With carrion men, groaning for burial. Lines 270-275 pg.483 Caesar was like family to Mark Antony and when Caesar was killed, Antony wanted Caesars spirit to rest easier, and so he went to get revenge for Caesar. Besides being noble to Caesar, Antony was noble to the countrymen as  well. When Antony came to give his speech about Caesar at the town, the people were listening to him respectively. Antony knew about Caesars will and he did not have to tell the citizens about it. Since Antony was a good person he read the will and he said To every Roman citizen he gives, To every several man, seventy-five drachams. Being a good person as he is, he read the will as the people wanted so that they would be content. Antonys nobility shows him to be worthy in becoming a good leader for Rome. Along with being confident and noble, Mark Antony would be a great leader because he is persuasive. Since Antony had great speaking skills, he could get people to think the way he wants them to think. After Caesars death, Antony met up with the conspirators and he decided to make them think he would forget about the assassination. He said I doubt not of your wisdom. .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c , .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c .postImageUrl , .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c , .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c:hover , .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c:visited , .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c:active { border:0!important; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c:active , .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u64fae4435937db7af2d71dccf6c73a5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Change in Prospero's Character EssayLet each man render me his bloody hand. The conspirators thought that Antony had forgiven them, but the truth was that Antony was going to make the public turn against Brutus and the conspirators. When it was time for Antony to make his speech about Caesar to the countrymen, he used his orating skills and got the countrymen to side with him. The citizens were moved by his speech and said, Well hear him, well follow him, well die with him. The countrymen were listening to Brutus words at the beginning and they were agreeing with what he said. Now Antony had gotten the people to listen to him and follow him. Antony uses his speech skills to win the heart of the crowd and he makes the people feel how he wants them to feel. Something he said was Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up To such a sudden flood of mutiny. That quotation probably made the crowd want to know more of what Antony had to say, and that was what Antony wanted. So, the ability to persuade people is a very important element in becoming a good leader. A good country should have a good leader, and Mark Antony has the capability of becoming a great leader. He can persuade people into thinking as he does and he is noble to the people of the country. He gives the people a chance to say what they have to say instead of just going on his own beliefs. He is also confident in himself and so whatever he decides to do he does, and does not change his mind. Not only is he noble to his friends, he is also noble to the people of the country as well. With Antony as a leader, the country would not go bad since he is a pers on who does things right. Mark Antony was an honorable and powerful man, and so he would be the greatest leader.

The Pursuit of the Self Essay Example For Students

The Pursuit of the Self Essay Traveling back, far back into the bohemia of yesterday, we find ourselves visiting Prague, then belonging to Austria-Hungary, in the early part of the nineteen hundreds. This was a time of artistic creativity and genius. One person comes to mind in particular when thinking about this era, Franz Kafka. Contained within a letter to one of his friends, Franz Kafka once wrote, I think we ought to read only the kind of books that wound and stab us We need the books that affect us like disaster that grieve us deeply like the death of someone we love more than ourselves, like being banished into forests far from everyone A book must be the axe for the frozen sea inside of us. To fully understand what is meant by this quote and check the validity of its message, we must look into the man who spoke it. Franz Kafka was born to Hermann and Julie Kafka on July 3, 1883. He grew up in Jewish Prague within a middle class family. Kafka did well in his German high school later going on to earn his law degree in 1906. This allowed him to secure a position with the semipublic Workers Accident Insurance institution that he worked at until 1917. This position was of great advantage to Kafka as he could write at night and then go off to work during the day. Much of Kafkas writing remained unpublished until after his death. Unfortunately tuberculosis struck Kafka in 1917 causing him to take repeated sick leaves and then retire from his position with the firm. From 1917 to his death on June 3, 1924, Kafka spent much of that time in sanitariums and health resorts, his tuberculosis finally spreading from his lungs to his larynx. (Grolier Incorporated, 1993)Kafka had a love-hate relationship with his parents especially his father. Kafkas relationship to his father dominates all discussions of both h is life and his work (University of Pittsburgh, 04-23-96). This relationship with his father can explain the reasoning for Kafkas use of the father as the authoritative, robust, and loud figure weaved into most of his stories. Kafka lived with an emotional dependence on his parents and had two failed engagements within his lifetime. Beside this fact, Kafka did lead an active social life being part of some of the more intelligent literary cliques of his time. Looking into the themes of Kafkas writing, one sees loneliness, frustration, and the guilt of an individual afflicted with a world beyond his2. comprehension or control (Microsoft Encarta, 1994). Kafka is related to philosophy with Soren Aabye Kierkegaard and 20th century existentialists. As with most existential writers, Kafka focuses on the inability of man tocontrol the natural world around him (The Existentialists Enigmas Companion). His literary technique has qualities of realism and fantasy. This allows for the gripping, thought provoking aspect of his writing. Now that we know Kafka and the time period that he lived, we can go on to describe the deep rooted meaning behind his quote. What he talks about in his quote can relate to the breaking free of the true self and understanding. Reading books that cause us to think and evaluate what the author means, we expand our own intelligence. This expanding of intelligence causes us to come closer to an understanding of ourselves and our world. In todays society, this quote has much significance. With most of our culture obsessed and addicted to the technology of television and radio, we no longer read books of merit. Reading a book like this causes one to interpret it, deciding what was the authors purpose. Questioning an author is good and only furthers that progression toward enlightenment. We must realize though that understanding is a never ending process, forcing us to3. .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a , .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a .postImageUrl , .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a , .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a:hover , .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a:visited , .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a:active { border:0!important; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a:active , .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u96cf05648862c18fccf0435ee948bb6a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The eight moral philosophies Essaythink and question more. You may ask then, Why start questioning in the first place if their is no end? An explanation can be given by Mr. Christopher M. Wisniewski saying, It is this struggle for understanding, this seeminglyunavoidable need to interpret that keeps us going, keeps us reaching for some kind of truth, no matter how hopeless that task may sometimes seem. This is also why we create literature; it is through literature that we hope to create some kind of truth (Wisniewski, Christopher M., 1996). As Wisniewski goes on to explain Kafka shows us that reading is waiting; interpretation is waiting: we are waiting for the author to reveal the truth to us, or for ourselves as readers to reveal the truth to ourselves (Wisniewski, Christopher M., 1996). The way in which Kafka keeps us waiting is through fascinating ambiguity. His writing is clear yet at the same time vague. In the novel, The Metamorphosis, we can see this ambiguity as revealed through many factors. One of which being that of the aspect of fantasy and realism intertwined within the novel. Another aspect would be the inner self and the false self combating for control. The sense of realism and fantasy inherent in The Metamorphosis can 4. be seen in the basic plot itself. The story centers on a man who transforms into a four foot tall beetle and the repercussions that happen as a result. This brings one to thinking that the story is either a fantasy or possibly a delusion. The protagonist of the story is a traveling salesman named, Gregor Samsa. Gregor takes it upon himself to support the family and paying off a debt that is owed by Gregors father. In the beginning of the story we hear about this debt that is far from being paid off but after the metamorphosis, the debt is no longer spoken about. Mr. Walter H. Sokel explains this by saying, The debt or guilt was precisely Gregor himself. He had taken it upon himself, and through the metamorphosis he had become it. The debt of the family has embodied itself in his terrifying figure, has passed over from the family into him. His metamorphosis was the liberation of the family from the debt (Sokel, Walter H., pg. 183). The metamorphosis itself, is the moment of shift within the novel. From this moment onward all the action occurs in a prescribed fashion. Gregors family now goes through their metamorphosis as Gregor accepts his. Mr. Ralph Freedman clarifies this saying, The story develops all consequent changes in both the hero and the world. As in Gullivers Travels, once an 5. initial change is accepted, all else follows with convincing logic (Freedman, Ralph, pg. 134)Much if not all of the greatness of this work is a result of the changebetween the true self and the facade self. The facade self can be defined as the view of the individual by a part of a unit or possibly as a false view. The facade self of Gregor in The Metamorphosis is that of the hard working salesman before the transformation. We could define the true self as being that of the view of an individual by himself, acknowledging his real feelings. The true self can be seen as the insect that Gregor becomes, the vermin. What is new in Kafkas creative writing and view of the problem is his realization that the law of mans alienation remains hidden from modern man he does not even know about his own self or his inner life any longer at all (Emrich, Wilhelm, pg. 122). This law that Wilhelm discusses is that of the true self. Gregor was determined to escape from his isolation caused by his job, when the time was right, but he did not know how. When someone becomes so concerned with the final destination, the journey itself is forsaken. As much as the individual needs to find themselves, they also need to 6. .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 , .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 .postImageUrl , .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 , .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448:hover , .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448:visited , .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448:active { border:0!important; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448:active , .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448 .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub6e90ed884401ca30173db2c20861448:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas, which was Essayfind some type of connection within their community. Who then is the individual alone? Nobody? (Honig, Edwin, pg. 141). As Honig explains through various questions, the individual must find a place in between. Gregor repressed his own identity and the metamorphosis was his punishment. The Metamorphosis is a book that irks at the soul. Whether you like the work or not, it makes you think. By this token the struggle for understanding has begun. 7. BibliographyEmrich, Wilhelm, The Metamorphosis, Bantam Books, 1972, pg. 122The Existentialists Enigmas Companion, The Casa de Kafka.,http://members.aol.com/kellinx/kafka.htm (02-08-97)Freedman, Ralph, The Metamorphosis, Bantam Books, 1972, pg. 134Grolier Incorporated, Franz Kafka, 1993Honig, Edwin, The Metamorphosis, Bantam Books, 1972, pg. 141Microsoft Encarta, Kafka, Franz, 1994Sokel, Walter H., The Metamorphosis, Bantam Books, 1972, pg. 183University of Pittsburgh, Biography of Franz Kafka., 04-23-96,http://info.pitt.edu/~kafka/Kafkabio.html (02-08-97)Wisniewski, Christopher M., My Masters Degree Exam., 1996,http://www.cowland.com/josephk/masters.htm (02-08-97)

Western Governors University free essay sample

In the upper Colorado River basin, four species of fish have been listed as federally endangered. In 1988, the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program (Program) was created through a distinctive agreement between a suite of entities comprising local, state, and federal agencies, water and power agencies, and environmental and tribal interests (Carlson Muth, 1993; United States Department of the Interior [USDOI], 1987). The Program was established to recover the endangered fishes while allowing for water development to proceed according to federal and state laws. To achieve the recovery goals established by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Program has embarked on a series of recovery plans focused on three primary activities. The combination of these plans is considerably different from other recovery efforts that focus on single species or activity to recover a species. Often times, these singular efforts are not successful, but efforts to focus more on benefiting the overall ecosystem are successful. We will write a custom essay sample on Western Governors University or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first action that the Program has undertaken is the manipulation of streamflows from reservoirs to more closely mimic historical conditions to which the endangered fishes were accustomed. Secondly, the Program has worked to reduce the negative impacts of competition and predation that nonnative fish species are having on the native fish. Finally in order to sustain and increase endangered fish populations, hatchery-reared fish are being stocked into the river. Research suggests that without flow http://wgu. mindedgeonline. com/content. php? cid=23905 1/12 3/7/2014 Western Governors University : RQBT5: Sample final paper #2 manipulation, non-native fish control, and hatchery stocking the endangered fishes of the Colorado River basin will not be de-listed (recovered). In this paper, I will provide an introduction as to why the four big-river fishes of the Colorado River basin are endangered and information on delisting of a species. RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 3 Background/History The Colorado River is one of the single most important bodies of water in the United States. Its life-giving water is the only single reason why the western United States has been able to be settled, farmed, and ultimately developed, giving way to the great metropolises such as Phoenix, Los Angeles, Las Vegas and many others. The Colorado River today supplies more water for consumptive use than any other river in the United States (Carlson Muth. 1989). However, the development of this great resource for mankind has put other species on the brink of extinction. In the history of the Colorado River, there were initially 54 species of fish that were native. Within those 54 species, 83% of those species were endemic (only found in that area) to the Colorado River basin (Carlson Muth, 1989). Four of these species, the big-river species, Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), humpback chub (Gila cypha), and bonytail (Gila elegans), found in both the Upper and Lower Colorado River basin are federally listed as endangered. Endangered species are species that are in imminent danger of becoming extinct. With the advent of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) and the establishment of the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, efforts were being made to pull these four species once known as trash or coarse fish (Quartarone, 1995) from the chasm of extinction. Recovery of the population of an endangered species is a long process from listing, to implementing recovery actions and finally the downlisting or de-listing of the species, or its partial recovery or removal from the federal list of endangered species. The reasons for the decline of the big-river fishes of the upper Colorado River basin are many and explicably linked to the growth and development of the communities of the western United States. The primary issue that led to the decline of these species RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 4 was the regulation of the river through the construction of large mainstem dams (impoundments). The impoundment of the river into reservoirs drastically altered the biological and hydrologic conditions to which these species had evolved. The dams created large, deep reservoirs upstream, that released water for hydropower that was consistently cold, moving fish from areas near the dams as well as negatively affecting native fish reproduction by extending hatching periods, reducing growth, and making native fish larvae (young fish) more susceptible to predation by http://wgu. mindedgeonline. com/content. php? cid=23905 2/12 3/7/2014 Western Governors University : RQBT5: Sample final paper #2 nonnative fish (Bestgen 2008). The dams and their operations also changed the types of fish that were found in the river, as the conditions (temperatures, sediment loads and habitat) changed significantly enough to allow nonnative species that were either purposely planted or accidentally released to establish and thrive in basin. These species include small minnow species (red shiner, fathead minnow, sand shiner, redside shiner) to large predatory sport fish (northern pike, channel catfish, smallmouth bass, walleye). From the smallest to the largest nonnative species, they have the ability to prey upon the native fishes. The smaller species prey upon native fish larvae in backwater habitats as well as competing with them for space and food. The larger species prey upon the adult native fishes, taking away the ability of the species to effectively reproduce and recruit. The four big-river fishes of the Colorado River basin (Colorado pikeminnow, razorback sucker, humpback chub, and bonytail) are jeopardized by large mainstem dams, water diversion and nonnative fish species. The changes in the Colorado River basin have altered the river from a stream that flowed with enough force to carve canyons out of bedrock into a harnessed stream serving the people who live along its length (Ono 1983). RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 5 The four big-river species had adapted over millions of years to the difficult conditions imposed upon them by the Colorado River, extremes of streamflows, temperatures, sediment, and geology. Each species is unique and faces individual challenges in recovery. The Colorado pikeminnow is largest of the four big-river fishes and also the top native predator in the system. Once found throughout all of the Colorado River basin, from Wyoming downstream into Mexico, the pikeminnow migrated over 200 miles to and from spawning areas (United States Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS], 2002a) . Pikeminnow were probably the species most affected by the presence of the dams (Flaming Gorge, Hoover, and Glen Canyon) as their life history is so significantly tied to their spawning migrations. With the dams, not only could they not move to their spawning grounds, but their offspring were washed into sport fish infested reservoirs if the eggs managed to hatch in cold clear waters. Pikeminnow also do not reproduce until they are approximately four years old. Historically, it would not be necessary for pikeminnow to successfully reproduce each year for the species to survive, however, with the changes to the system, now annual reproductive success is critical, and this life history trait is inhibiting that success. Razorback sucker are the most distinct of the four big-river fishes. The razorback gets its name from the distinctive nuchal hump immediately behind its head that serves to help it stay positioned in the flows of the current. Razorback suckers are also one of the two species that have persisted in both the upper and lower basins. Adults grow to a size of three feet (one meter) and have been known to spawn over submerged gravel bars in the river and rocky shoals in lower basin reservoirs (USFWS, 2002b). Razorbacks have been significantly impacted by the http://wgu. mindedgeonline. com/content. php? cid=23905 3/12 3/7/2014 Western Governors University : RQBT5: Sample final paper #2 RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 6 introduction of nonnative fishes as they specifically prey upon and compete with larval razorback suckers. Another threat to the razorback is the presence of other closely related suckers (both native and nonnative) that provide the possibility for hybridization. Humpback chub is the other species still found in both the upper and lower basins. As with the razorback sucker, the humpback chub has a prominent nuchal hump, but a hump as opposed to the sharp-edged shape of the razorback suckers ridge. Only six extant populations exist, all found well within deep, swift canyon reaches of main stem and large tributaries of the Colorado River basin (USFWS, 2002c). Bonytail, are arguably the most critically endangered, but least understood of the four fish species. Not listed as endangered until 1980, the bonytail is the only one of the four species to be primarily found only in the lower Colorado River basin once recovery was undertaken. Due to the lateness of their discovery, little is known of their preferred habitats outside of historical references (USFWS, 2002d). They were accorded their name due to the pencil-thin caudal peduncle, an adaptation to dealing with the high streamflows of the basin. The effort to delist the four big-river fish species of the upper Colorado River basin has been led by the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program. The Program has relied upon flow manipulation, nonnative fish control and stocking of hatchery reared fish in their efforts to recovery these species. If these species are to be pulled from the brink of extinction, these are the means that must occur. Flow Manipulation Studies and adaptive management have indicated that flow manipulation is the most critical of the three main efforts that must occur to recover the endangered fish RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 7 species in the upper Colorado River basin because water drives everything as it relates to fish. While the most important, flow manipulation is also the most difficult due to the number of laws affecting water rights and deliveries. The Colorado River Compact of 1922 is one of the most significant of those, detailing how water is divided between the upper and lower Colorado River basin and between the various states. Water is further divided between agriculture, municipal, and energy interests. The needs of the native fishes ultimately were an afterthought to the needs of the people. When it comes to the necessary manipulation of flows, this can create significant issues (water needs, flood control, etc). Thirteen years after the establishment of the Program, Muth et al. (2000) identified a series of recommendations aimed at altering the flows out of Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Green River, Wyoming for the benefit of the native fish, while meeting the needs of the communities. The recommendations are intended to create variation both within years as well as between years to create physiographic and geologic changes in the http://wgu. mindedgeonline. com/content. php? cid=23905 4/12 3/7/2014 Western Governors University : RQBT5: Sample final paper #2 structure of the habitat present for the endangered species. In addition to the flow recommendations on the Green River provided by Muth et al. (2000), McAda (2003) provided flow recommendations on the Colorado and Gunnison rivers. Similar to those on the Green River, the recommendations were based upon water year. As with Muth, McAda (2003) identified the effects that these flow recommendations would have on the hydrology of the river and ultimately the habitat required by the endangered fishes at different life stages. Modde and Keleher (2003) proposed similar recommendations for the Duchesne River, a tributary to the Green River in Utah, although the Duchesne River flows are intended only to provide benefit for adult Colorado pikeminnow. Sampling has shown RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 8 that the Duchesne River is primarily used by in the spring and summer months, particularly by Colorado pikeminnow for temperature preference and to escape the high flows of the Green River while foraging. The move by the Program to create and implement the series of flow recommendations on every major river within the basin illustrates the importance of the effort to the endangered fishes as well as the willingness of the participants within the Program to work towards the recovery of these fish species. Flow manipulation will also have effects on the activities to reduce negative interactions between the endangered fish and nonnative fish species. Nonnative Removal The second major endeavor of that must happen for the endangered fishes of the Colorado River basin to be delisted is to reduce if not eliminate negative interactions between the native fish and nonnative species that have been introduced into the basin (USFWS 2002a, 2002b, 2002c, 2002d; Lentsch, Muth, Thompson, Hoskins, Crowl,1996; Tyus Stauffer, 1996). Research suggests that native fish recovery in the Colorado River basin can be achieved by managing the interactions with nonnative fish. Currently nonnative species comprise the majority of the fish biomass in the basin. The impacts that these nonnative species have can be observed as competition for habitat and food as well as predation on all life stages of the endangered fishes (Lentsch et al. , 1996). Efforts to reduce the impacts of these species included restricting stocking of nonnative fish, screening outlets from recreational reservoirs, and attempts to physically remove the nonnative fish from the rivers (Nesler, 1996; Martinez, 2004; Fuller, 2009; Bestgen et al. , 2009; Trammell et al. , 2005). The nonnative fishes that have become established within the basin can typically be separated into two different groups, recreational sport fish and RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 9 non-sport fish introductions. The sport fish introductions have historically and typically been made by official agencies responsible for creating recreational fishing opportunities. http://wgu. mindedgeonline. com/content. php? cid=23905 5/12 3/7/2014 Western Governors University : RQBT5: Sample final paper #2 Following the closure of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1969, these agencies poisoned the Green River below the dam to remove the native fishes to allow for the establishment of a tailwater trout fishery. Not only did this activity directly affect the populations of native species, but it also affected populations long term through predation and competition with the nonnative species introduced post-poisoning. Additional nonnative sport fish such as largemouth bass and green sunfish have been introduced to the many reservoirs and offstream ponds within the Colorado River basin. Many of these facilities, when full, will release water and nonnative species into the rivers where they interact with native fish. Controlling these introductions has become more of a focus of the Program over the years. In 1996 three state wildlife agencies (Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming) and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service completed a report (USFWS 1996) that outlined procedures for stocking nonnative fish species in the upper Colorado River basin. While these procedures did help to address some of the issues associated with nonnative fishes in the basin by restricting new species beyond what was already present, they did not address the escapement from reservoirs and ultimately establishment in the river. Martinez and Nibbelink (2004) were the first to evaluate the effects of the stocking plans, with specific emphasis within the State of Colorado. They determined that, unfortunately, the ability to track stocking events made it nearly impossible to determine exactly what effect the stocking regulations had on endangered fish recovery. Efforts in the interim have attempted to place nets or other screening mechanisms at outlets from reservoirs with varying results along the Colorado and Duchesne rivers (Martinez, 2004; RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 10 USFWS, 2011). Martinez (2004) showed that in most cases (2 of 54 ponds) where largemouth bass were eliminated from a pond, they did not re-establish during the course of the study. However, they further determined that no evidence of their removal efforts could be observed in the river due to existing fish as well as the inability to effect removal on all ponds in the area. In the Duchesne River, a tributary to the Green River, a screen on Crystal Reservoir has prevented escapement of nonnative fishes (USFWS, 2011). In addition to managing the stocking and escapement of fish from reservoirs, the Program has placed significant time, effort and money into physically removing nonnative fishes from the river. Efforts to remove nonnative predatory fishes from the upper basin rivers have been varied from angling (Fuller, 2009) to electrofishing efforts (Hawkins, Walford, Hill, 2009). The efforts by Hawkins et al. (2009) to remove smallmouth bass from the Yampa River using electrofishing illustrated the benefit of removal activities. Hawkins et al. saw a decrease in smallmouth bass numbers that they attributed to their efforts, but in turn determined that immigration of fish into the area and reproduction likely reduced the overall effectiveness of the removal efforts. Fuller (2009) worked to remove nonnative channel catfish and smallmouth bass from the Yampa River through angling and electrofishing from 2001-2006. Angling efforts for channel catfish were discontinued after 2003 because smallmouth bass populations were increasing and electrofishing is much more effective in their capture and removal, a good http://wgu. mindedgeonline. com/content. php? cid=23905 6/12 3/7/2014 Western Governors University : RQBT5: Sample final paper #2 example of the ability of the research to adapt to management. Fuller (2009) indicated that despite removing 28,860 channel catfish and 8,243 smallmouth bass, the efforts were not going to achieve the goal of reducing these species RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 11 populations to a point that they would not impact native fish recovery. However, while not reaching the goal, the efforts were trending in the proper direction, but would require more effort to achieve exploitation of the populations. Bestgen et al. (2009) provided an accompanying analysis of Fuller evaluating the native fish response to nonnative fish removal. These researchers determined that native fish populations did not respond to the removal of nonnative fish for a few different reasons. Bestgen et al. (2009) hypothesized that native fish numbers did not increase due to an insufficient number of nonnative fish being removed, changes in streamflows and water temperatures changed as a result of drought to conditions favoring the predatory fishes, and there may have been a lack of reproductively viable native fishes to respond to the decreased nonnative populations. Ultimately they determined that additional efforts in both fish removal and monitoring of native fish response will be necessary. While Fuller (2009) and Martinez (2004) were removing sport fish, Trammell et al. (2005) detailed the efforts over three years to remove the small-bodied nonnative minnows (red shiner, fathead minnow, and sand shiner) from the Green and Colorado rivers as part of one of these studies. While these species are ultimately much smaller than the natives, adults are present in nursery habitats and prey upon native fish larvae (young fish) as they drift into the nursery habitats. Nonnative fish in these areas outnumber natives sometimes thousands to one. Removal efforts were conducted through seining (pulling a net through the water) in backwater habitats where these species were predominant. The researchers found that while hundreds of thousands of these fish were removed, no reach scale benefits were found for native fish (Trammell et al. 2005). However, one of the beneficial items from this research is that it could be RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 12 possible to remove nonnatives just prior to the arrival of drifting native larvae. This information coupled with the effects of temperatures on growth identified by Bestgen (2008), could allow native larvae to reach sizes where they will be safe from predation and thus survive at higher rates. In other areas of the basin, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (2010) biologists, found the highest numbers of young Colorado pikeminnow since 1991, likely a result of nonnative removal efforts. The ability of all life stages of native fishes to survive encounters with nonnative species will be important to overall survival, but also important to how stocking of hatchery-reared fish is managed. Stocking of Hatchery Reared Fish http://wgu. mindedgeonline. com/content. php? cid=23905 7/12 3/7/2014 Western Governors University : RQBT5: Sample final paper #2 Research suggests that unless hatchery-reared fish are stocked into the river the endangered fishes of the upper Colorado River basin will not be recovered. Stocking of fish to enhance low population numbers has been occurring for endangered species recovery efforts for many years. Due to the long life spans of the endangered Colorado River fishes along with the fact that they do not reach reproductive maturity for a number of years, stocking has been important to initially stabilize populations and then to augment the wild populations. Currently the Program has propagation capabilities at four different facilities (Dexter National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center, 24 Road Hatchery, Wahweap State Fish Hatchery, and the John W. Mumma Fish Hatchery). These facilities provide thousands of individual fish to Program managers to enhance existing populations. In 2003, Nesler et al. compared the Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming state stocking plans for the four big river fishes of the Colorado River basin. During that evaluation, they determined that the state plans were inconsistent with regards to numbers to stock, age of adult fish, numbers of adult age classes, and number of years to stock. RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 13 To solve these issues, the Program decided to integrate all of the stocking plans into one single plan. The final numbers identified in the integrated plan were designed to meet the goals of the individual species recovery plans (USFWS 2002a, 2002b, 2002c, 2002d). While hatcheries can consistently provide fish for stocking into the rivers, stocking will be most effective with continued evaluation of successes. As biologists monitor the status of populations, they will in turn discuss with hatcheries and others to determine the best uses of each years output of fish. Hatcheries each year attempt to produce enough fish to meet the stocking goals. Often, the monitoring efforts must not only look at simple hatchery production, but how that production is surviving in the river. The recovery goals for razorback sucker require that two separate populations represented by 5,800 individuals each will be necessary for downlisting or delisting to occur. Zelasko, Bestgen, White, (2010) evaluated the effectiveness of the stocking plan for razorback sucker. The authors determined that stocking success was increased by not stocking razorback sucker during the summer. They also determined that stocking larger fish into the river enhanced survival but recommended that a cost benefit analysis be conducted to determine if producing fewer larger fish is more expensive than producing more, smaller fish for introduction. A few excellent examples of stocking success have been found in the White River (Loomis, 2011) and also in the San Juan River. In the White River, razorback sucker larvae from previously stocked fish have been found in the river for the first time. In the San Juan River, stocking of both Colorado pikeminnow and razorback sucker have been successful enough that both species have reproduced and now there are http://wgu. mindedgeonline. com/content. php? cid=23905 8/12 3/7/2014 Western Governors University : RQBT5: Sample final paper #2 RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 14 growing populations. Ultimately, continually refining the production from hatcheries has the best potential to significantly help in the recovery process. Conclusion In conclusion, since the western United States was settled, mankinds dependence on the Colorado River increased steadily. Water for agriculture, culinary, and municipal uses were removed from the river. In order for these needs to be fulfilled, large dams were constructed on the river, thereby altering the hydrologic characteristics of the river basin and impacting the native fishes that adapted to the extreme conditions of the basin. The regulation of the river created changes that reduced the high spring flows, lowered water temperatures, and created barriers to spawning migrations of the endangered fishes. The effects of these changes on the native fish were staggering. Nonnative fish were stocked into newly created reservoirs, where they escaped and were able to establish and thrive in the newly regulated river system. The flows released from reservoirs, cold and clear result in lower growth rates for native fish that make them more susceptible to predation by the nonnative fish, ultimately placing them in danger of extinction. These issues have pushed the four big river fishes of the Colorado River to the brink of extinction, requiring human intervention to insure that that extinction does not occur. The effort to recover the endangered fishes of the upper Colorado River basin has been led by the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program (Program). Research conducted as part of the Program has shown that by focusing on the manipulation of flows from reservoirs, controlling nonnative fishes, and stocking of hatchery-reared native fishes will allow the fishes of the Colorado River to be de-listed RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 15 (recovered). The manipulation of flows from dams will reverse some of the hydrologic impacts, re-creating portions the historic extremes of flow found in the basin, and enhance conditions that will likely favor the native fish more than the altered conditions. The establishment of nonnative fish throughout the Colorado River basin likely represents the largest threat to the endangered fishes. A diverse suite of nonnative fish, compete with and prey upon the native fish, reducing their ability to thrive. Efforts to control these fish, include management of future introductions, attempts to restrict escapement from reservoirs, and physical removal of these species. These efforts are yielding positive results, but gains are measured in small steps and require constant adaptive management. The use of hatcheries to provide large numbers of endangered fish is a time-tested means of stabilizing and increasing populations of fish. Stocking of the endangered fishes into the Colorado River basin has been ongoing for a number of years and fish stocked are now beginning to return and spawn, creating wild fish that will continue to enhance population numbers. All of these efforts must occur for these fishes to be de-listed. Currently, gains in the native populations are moving slowly towards downlisting and delisting as a result of the focused efforts to address flow manipulation, nonnative species control and stocking of hatchery-reared fishes. http://wgu. mindedgeonline. com/content. php? cid=23905 9/12 3/7/2014 Western Governors University : RQBT5: Sample final paper #2 RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 16 References Bestgen, K. (2008). Effects of water temperature on growth of razorback sucker larvae. Western North American Naturalist 68 (1), 15–20. Bestgen, K. , Walford, C. , Hill, A. , Hawkins, J. (2009). Native fish response to removal of non-native predator fish in the Yampa River, Colorado. Final Report of the Larval Fish Laboratory to the Colorado River Recovery Implementation Program, Project number 115. Ft. Collins, Colorado. Carlson, C. , Muth R. (1989). The Colorado River: lifeline of the American southwest. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (106:220–239). Carlson, C. , Muth R. (1993). Endangered species management. In C. Kohler and W. Hubert (Eds. ). Inland fisheries management in North America (pp. 355–381). American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Fuller, M. (2009). Lower Yampa River channel catfish and smallmouth bass control program, Colorado, (2001-2006). Final Report of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Vernal, Utah. Hawkins, J. , Walford, C. , Hill, A. (2009). Smallmouth bass control in the middle Yampa River, 2003–2007. Final report, Larval Fish Laboratory Contribution 154, Colorado State University, Fort Collins to Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado. RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 17 Lentsch, L. , Muth, R. , Thompson, P. , Hoskins, B. , and Crowl, T. (1996). Options for selective control of nonnative fishes in the upper Colorado River basin. Final Report. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Loomis, B. (2011). Biologists find young endangered fish in Utah river. Salt Lake Tribune, July 6, 2011. Martinez, A. (2004). An evaluation of nonnative fish control treatments in ponds along the Colorado and Gunnison rivers, 1996-2002. Final Report of the Colorado Division of Wildlife to the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Grand Junction, Colorado. Martinez, P. , Nibbelink N. (2004). Colorado nonnative fish stocking regulation evaluation. Final report of Colorado Division of Wildlife and Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center to the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. http://wgu. mindedgeonline. com/content. php? cid=23905 10/12 3/7/2014 Western Governors University : RQBT5: Sample final paper #2 McAda, C. (2003). Flow recommendations to benefit endangered fishes in the Colorado and Gunnison rivers. Final Report of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the Upper Colorado River Recovery Implementation Program, Project Number 54, Grand Junction, Colorado. Modde, T. Keleher, C. (2003). Flow recommendations for the Duchesne River with a synopsis of information regarding endangered fish. Draft Final Report Submitted to the Upper Colorado River basin Endangered Fishes Recovery Implementation Program Project No. 84-1, Vernal, Utah. Muth, R. , Crist, L. , LaGory, K. , Hayse, J. , Bestgen, K. , Ryan, T. , Lyons, J. (2000). Flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam. Project FG-53, Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Lakewood, Colorado. RECOVERY OF THE FOUR BIG-RIVER FISHES OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN 18 Nesler, T. , Christopherson, K. , Hudson, J. , McAda, C. , Pfeifer, F. , Czapla, T. (2003). An integrated stocking plan for razorback sucker, bonytail, and Colorado pikeminnow for the upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program. Final report of the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. Ono, R. , Williams, J. , Wagner, A. (1983). Vanishing Fishes of North America. Stone Wall Press, Washington D. C. Quartarone, F. (1995). Historical accounts of upper Colorado River basin endangered fishes. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver. Trammell, M. , Meismer, S. , Speas, D. (2005). Nonnative cyprinid removal in the lower Green and Colorado rivers, Utah, UDWR publication (05–10), Salt Lake City, Utah. Tyus, H. , Saunders, F. (1996). Nonnative fishes in the upper Colorado River basin and a strategic plan for their control. Final report. Colorado

Utilitarianism and Natural law theories

Utilitarianism and Natural law theories According to a theory of utilitarianism developed by John Stuart Mill, the actions of people are categorized as good or bad based on their consequences on the person and society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Utilitarianism and Natural law theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An individual will always decide to take an action that will give him maximum happiness in terms of the benefits he will derive from the action. His/her main objective in making the choice is the maximum exploitation of the available chances to get the best possible pleasure he/she can get from the specific action. This may be done with the interest of the society at heart where, the person wants to improve the well being of everyone else in the community (Bentham, 1987). An example is someone who takes the initiative to build a public utility like a road, church or school. The project is exclusively undertaken for the benefit of every ch ild who is born in that society regardless of the time of birth or place of bath, so long as he/she can access the school. The benefit in this case is unlimited to everyone but the efforts where from someone who took the decision alone. In the case of marijuana legalization; this theory may consider it as wrong, due to the challenges and bad consequences that it may bring to society like increasing insanity among most users and destroying families.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the egoism perspective, the individual’s actions are always decided based on personal interest in the subject matter. As a result, the person will only make a choice depending on how much he/she will benefit from the action without caring for the interest of the other people. In this case, the self interest of a single individual may be pursued even at the expense of the society. Fro m this perspective, the legalization of Marijuana smoking is justified as the society does not matter (Bentham, 1987). On the other hand, the use of natural law theory advocates for the taking of action by someone based on his natural human reasoning. The decision on a certain aspect in life will be taken based in the logic behind the action, which is assumed to be the natural course of action by the person. In this case, the individual makes his choices depending on what he/she thinks is best for him, the concept considers the freedom of the person to choose so long as she/he has achieved the age of majority. According to this theory, an adult person is assumed to be capable of reasoning and considering all the positive and negative aspects of an action before making his choice. The ethical theory that best represents my opinion is the application of natural law. From this perspective, we look at the benefits of the subject in question; legalizing marijuana use. It should never be legalized because logically, if we consider the disadvantages of its use to the individual and the society. There are many disadvantages based on the consequences that may come with its use such as the influence it may have on the youths in schools and at home.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Utilitarianism and Natural law theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The society should not risk allowing individuals to have a few hours of being high, which will badly influence the whole society whether directly or indirectly for a long time. I think it is better if marijuana is not legalized (Virtue, 2006). References Bentham, J. (1987). Utilitarianism and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mill, S. J. (2002). Utilitarianism. Cambridge: Hacket Publishing Company Inc. Virtue, D. (2006). Divine Magic. London. Hay House Inc.

Jobs Roles In Middle East Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jobs Roles In Middle East - Article Example In most Middle East countries, the petroleum industry tops as the best paying industry. It is because petroleum is the main export product for countries in this region. With the ever rising petroleum prices, countries in the Middle East region have continuously experienced growth, especially in the petroleum industry. From the explanation above, it can be agreed that the petroleum industry should have the best paying role. Petroleum engineers are the best paid in the Middle East. Duties of petroleum engineers include analyzing new oil reservoirs to determine costs and benefits, supervision of the drilling, extraction, and processing progressions. For an individual to qualify as a petroleum engineer, they must have a bachelor’s degree in engineering, most preferably in petroleum engineering. Other engineering courses may also be considered such as chemical engineering. A three year’s working experience is preferred by most employers. The Saudi Arabia has the most jobs wi thin this role in the Middle East. Financial managers are the second best-paid people in the Middle East. The role of the financial managers includes managing departments of the financial institution and making strategic decisions on issues regarding the institution. Most financial managers in the Middle East have a working experience of over ten years and a post-graduate award in a finance related course. Most of the jobs within this role are found in the United Arab Emirates. Gulfbusiness.com ranked major air pilots as the third best-paid roles in the Middle East. Qualification for major air pilots is usually good health and judgment ability, acquired a specific flight time, which in most cases should be above 1,500 hours. Other qualifications are specific to different airlines. The United Arab Emirates again has the highest number of jobs within this